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U.S. states by R&D spending 2020 (in adjusted 2020 dollars) National rank State Expenditures on R&D (millions of US$) [1] Expenditures on R&D per capita in US$ [2] Federal government
This page was last edited on 25 November 2024, at 19:28 (UTC).; Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License; additional terms may apply.
Federally funded research and development centers (FFRDCs) are public-private partnerships that conduct research and development for the United States Government.Under Federal Acquisition Regulation § 35.017, FFRDCs are operated by universities and corporations to fulfill certain long-term needs of the government that "...cannot be met as effectively by existing in-house or contractor resources."
According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, ″Gross domestic spending on R&D is defined as the total expenditure (current and capital) on R&D carried out by all resident companies, research institutes, university and government laboratories, etc., in a country.
Research and development (R&D or R+D) [1] is the set of innovative activities undertaken by corporations or governments in developing new services or products. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] R&D constitutes the first stage of development of a potential new service or the production process.
Expenditures on R&D (billions of US$) 1 Amazon United States: Software and Internet 73.21 2 Alphabet Inc. United States: Software and Internet 39.50 3 Meta Platforms, Inc. United States: Software and Internet 35.34 4 Apple United States: Computing and Electronics 27.65 5 Microsoft United States: Software and Internet 26.63 6 Huawei China
The MARS-1 train ticket reservation system was designed and planned in the 1950s by the Japanese National Railways' R&D Institute, now the Railway Technical Research Institute, with the system eventually being produced by Hitachi in 1958. [6] It was the world's first seat reservation system for trains. [7]
Public R&D could be understood as a funder or a performer of an R&D activity. According to National Science Foundation in U.S., in 2015, R&D expenditures performed by federal governments, local governments, colleges and non-profit organizations are 54, 0.6, 64, and 20 billions of dollars, respectively.