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The twin thickness saturated once a critical residual dislocations’ density reached the coherent twin-parent crystal boundary. [33] [49] Significant attention has been paid to the crystallography, [50] morphology [51] and macro mechanical effects [52] of deformation twinning.
A twin boundary is a defect that introduces a plane of mirror symmetry in the ordering of a crystal. For example, in cubic close-packed crystals, the stacking sequence of a twin boundary would be ABCABCBACBA. On planes of single crystals, steps between atomically flat terraces can also be regarded as planar defects.
Grain boundaries are two-dimensional defects in the crystal structure, and tend to decrease the electrical and thermal conductivity of the material. Most grain boundaries are preferred sites for the onset of corrosion [1] and for the precipitation of new phases from the solid. They are also important to many of the mechanisms of creep. [2]
On either side of this domain, the lattice is still perfect, and the boundaries of the domain are referred to as antiphase boundaries. [1] Crucially, crystals on either side of an antiphase boundary are related by a translation, rather than a reflection (a crystal twin ) or an inversion (an inversion domain ).
The classical Stefan problem aims to describe the evolution of the boundary between two phases of a material undergoing a phase change, for example the melting of a solid, such as ice to water. This is accomplished by solving heat equations in both regions, subject to given boundary and initial conditions. At the interface between the phases ...
The terminology of a topological defect vs. a topological soliton, or even just a plain "soliton", varies according to the field of academic study. Thus, the hypothesized but unobserved magnetic monopole is a physical example of the abstract mathematical setting of a monopole ; much like the Skyrmion, it owes its stability to belonging to a non ...
In chemistry, the terrace ledge kink (TLK) model, which is also referred to as the terrace step kink (TSK) model, describes the thermodynamics of crystal surface formation and transformation, as well as the energetics of surface defect formation. It is based upon the idea that the energy of an atom’s position on a crystal surface is ...
Carroll has worked on a number of areas of theoretical cosmology, field theory and gravitation theory. His research papers include models of, and experimental constraints on, violations of Lorentz invariance; the appearance of closed timelike curves in general relativity; varieties of topological defects in field theory; and cosmological dynamics of extra spacetime dimensions.