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The site, located at the northwestern tip of Penang Island, is known to harbour 417 flora and 143 fauna species. Penang National Park is the first protected area legally gazetted under Malaysia's National Park Act of 1980, signifying the state and federal governments' environmental protection efforts.
Penang Island is physically connected to mainland Seberang Perai by two road bridges – the 13.5 km (8.4 mi) Penang Bridge and the 24 km (15 mi) Second Penang Bridge. [204] Seberang Perai is accessible through the North-South Expressway , a 966 km-long (600 mi) expressway that stretches along the western part of Peninsular Malaysia .
It is located off the western coast of Peninsular Malaysia by the Malacca Strait, with the Penang Strait separating the island from Seberang Perai on the mainland. The 295 km 2 (114 sq mi) island makes up approximately 28% of Penang's total land mass and is home to about 45% of the state's population as of 2020. [1]
As a result, island ecosystems comprise 30% of the world’s biodiversity hotspots, 50% of marine tropical diversity, and some of the most unusual and rare species. [2] Many species still remain unknown. The diversity of species on islands is highly impacted by human activities such as deforestation and introduction of the exotic species.
Frank W. Preston, an early investigator of the theory of the species–area relationship, divided it into two types: samples (a census of a contiguous habitat that grows in the census area, also called "mainland" species–area relationships), and isolates (a census of discontiguous habitats, such as islands, also called "island" species–area ...
Gazumbo Island was formed in the 1980s during the construction of the bridge, which caused dredged materials to accumulate and create two islets. [1] [2] The larger of these islets is known as Gazumbo Island, after a fictional island featured in a 1954 film starring P. Ramlee, although it is also referred to as Udini Island and Kazambo Island.
Malaysia contains numerous islands, the largest of which fully within Malaysia is Banggi Island in Sabah, which has an area of 440.7 square kilometres (170 sq mi). [21] It is followed by Bruit Island in Sarawak, Langkawi in Kedah, and Penang Island in Penang. The largest island shared with another country is Borneo, followed by Sebatik Island.
The Theory of Island Biogeography has its roots in Wilson's work on the ants of Melanesia.MacArthur synthesized Wilson's ideas about competition, colonization and equilibrium into a simple graphical representation of immigration and extinction curves, from which one can determine the equilibrial species number on an island. [3]