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A gridshell is a structure which derives its strength from its double curvature (in a similar way that a fabric structure derives strength from double curvature), but is constructed of a grid or lattice. The grid can be made of any material, but is most often wood (similar to garden trellis) or steel.
The design is created by crossing the strips to form a grid or weave. [1] Latticework may be functional – for example, to allow airflow to or through an area; structural, as a truss in a lattice girder; [2] used to add privacy, as through a lattice screen; purely decorative; or some combination of these.
A simple lattice truss will transform the applied loads into a thrust, as the bridge will tend to change length under load. This is resisted by pinning the lattice members to the top and bottom chords, which are more substantial than the lattice members, but which may also be fabricated from relatively small elements rather than large beams.
The orthotropic deck may be integral with or supported on a grid of deck framing members, such as transverse floor beams and longitudinal girders. All these various choices for the stiffening elements, e.g., ribs, floor beams and main girders, can be interchanged, resulting in a great variety of orthotropic panels.
A lattice girder, like any girder, primarily resists bending. The component sections may typically include metal beams, channel and angle sections, with the lacing elements either metal plate strips, or angle sections. The lacing elements are typically attached using either hot rivets or threaded locator bolts.
The honeycomb point set is a special case of the hexagonal lattice with a two-atom basis. [1] The centers of the hexagons of a honeycomb form a hexagonal lattice, and the honeycomb point set can be seen as the union of two offset hexagonal lattices. In nature, carbon atoms of the two-dimensional material graphene are arranged in a honeycomb ...
There are a multitude of decks designed for specific card games. So much so that there is a separate list of dedicated deck card games. Traditionally, decks made for the quartets family (like Happy families, Authors, and Go Fish) and for the match to shed family (like Black Peter and Old Maid) have been around since the late nineteenth century. [4]
A grid deck uses beams and diaphragms as the supporting structure. The supporting system of a grid deck is analyzed using a grillage analysis. A slab deck is one where the deck is analyzed as a plate. If the slab has a stiffness that is different in two directions (at right angles), then the deck is known and analyzed as an orthotropic deck.