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  2. The Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (EGIDS), developed by Lewis and Simons (2010), measures a language's status in terms of endangerment or development. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The table below shows the various levels on the scale:

  3. Endangered language - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_language

    One of the earliest is GIDS (Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale) proposed by Joshua Fishman in 1991. [19] In 2011 an entire issue of Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development was devoted to the study of ethnolinguistic vitality, Vol. 32.2, 2011, with several authors presenting their own tools for measuring language vitality ...

  4. Language death - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_death

    One of the earliest is the GIDS (Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale) proposed by Joshua Fishman in 1991. [33] A noteworthy publishing milestone in measuring language vitality is an entire issue of Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development devoted to the study of ethnolinguistic vitality, Vol. 32.2, 2011, with several authors ...

  5. Joshua Fishman - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Fishman

    Joshua Fishman (Yiddish: שיקל פֿישמאַן — Shikl Fishman; July 18, 1926 – March 1, 2015) was an American linguist who specialized in the sociology of language, language planning, bilingual education, and language and ethnicity.

  6. Chong language - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chong_language

    Chong is currently considered to be at stage 7 in Joshua Fishman's Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (GIDS), where stage 8 is the closest to extinction. [4] Chong is actually two languages, Western Chong, and Central Chong or Samre. The Western Chong community in Thailand is primarily located in and around Chanthaburi. [5]

  7. Academic grading in the United States - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_grading_in_the...

    B− = 3.47; C+ = 3.0; C = 2.6; C− = 2.17; D = 1.3; F = 0.0; Another policy commonly used by 4.0-scale schools is to mimic the eleven-point weighted scale (see below) by adding a .33 (one-third of a letter grade) to honors or advanced placement class. (For example, a B in a regular class would be a 3.0, but in honors or AP class it would ...

  8. Kellett Autogiro Corporation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kellett_Autogiro_Corporation

    The first three designed were all typical Cierva designs and the more advanced KD-1 was similar to the contemporary Cierva C.30. The KD-1/G-1 was the first practical rotary-wing aircraft used by the United States Army. The company stopped building autogyros in the late 1940s and switched to the design of helicopters.

  9. OT VIII - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OT_VIII

    L. Ron Hubbard died from a stroke on January 24, 1986, the church announced to the media. [12] [13] He had not been seen publicly since May 1980. [14]Several weeks later, his death was announced to parishioners by David Miscavige, who stated that Hubbard had completed all of his research into the OT I-VIII levels, but researching the remaining levels (IX-XV) can only be done "outside the body ...