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The integral of the secant function was one of the "outstanding open problems of the mid-seventeenth century", solved in 1668 by James Gregory. [3] He applied his result to a problem concerning nautical tables. [1] In 1599, Edward Wright evaluated the integral by numerical methods – what today we would call Riemann sums. [4]
where is the inverse Gudermannian function, the integral of the secant function. There are a number of reasons why this particular antiderivative is worthy of special attention: The technique used for reducing integrals of higher odd powers of secant to lower ones is fully present in this, the simplest case. The other cases are done in the same ...
A. Dieckmann, Table of Integrals (Elliptic Functions, Square Roots, Inverse Tangents and More Exotic Functions): Indefinite Integrals Definite Integrals; Math Major: A Table of Integrals; O'Brien, Francis J. Jr. "500 Integrals of Elementary and Special Functions". Derived integrals of exponential, logarithmic functions and special functions.
The following is a list of integrals (anti-derivative functions) of hyperbolic functions. For a complete list of integral functions, see list of integrals. In all formulas the constant a is assumed to be nonzero, and C denotes the constant of integration.
The Gudermannian function is a sigmoid function, and as such is sometimes used as an activation function in machine learning. The (scaled and shifted) Gudermannian function is the cumulative distribution function of the hyperbolic secant distribution. A function based on the Gudermannian provides a good model for the shape of spiral galaxy arms ...
For a complete list of antiderivative functions, see Lists of integrals. For the special antiderivatives involving trigonometric functions, see Trigonometric integral. [1] Generally, if the function is any trigonometric function, and is its derivative,
It's not unusual for fitness equipment, trends, and workouts to mimic everyday movements or activities.The stair climber machine at many gyms, for instance, is not much different than the flight ...
The inverse trigonometric functions are also known as the "arc functions". C is used for the arbitrary constant of integration that can only be determined if something about the value of the integral at some point is known. Thus each function has an infinite number of antiderivatives. There are three common notations for inverse trigonometric ...