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Marine conservation, also known as ocean conservation, is the protection and preservation of ecosystems in oceans and seas through planned management in order to prevent the over-exploitation of these marine resources.
Prior to 2015, it was named Directorate General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation (Direktorat Jenderal Perlindungan Hutan dan Konservasi Alam - PHKA). Its current name was taken into effect due to the merger of Ministry of Environment and Ministry of Forestry in 2014.
Coral reefs form complex marine ecosystems with tremendous biodiversity.. Marine ecosystems are the largest of Earth's aquatic ecosystems and exist in waters that have a high salt content.
The definition that has been widely accepted across regional and global frameworks has been provided by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in its categorisation guidelines for protected areas.
Milford Sound, New Zealand is a strict marine reserve (Category Ia).. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) defines a protected area as: [12] [13]. A clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values.
Betung Kerihun National Park is hilly and mountainous, with altitudes ranging from 150 m (490 ft) to almost 1,800 m (5,910 ft). The topography is characterized by steep slopes, with more than half of the park area having slopes over 45%. [3]
The Kuala Linggi Mangrove Recreational Forest (Malay: Hutan Rekreasi Paya Laut Kuala Linggi) is a mangrove forest located in Kuala Linggi near Kuala Sungai Baru, Alor Gajah District, Malacca, Malaysia, on the south bank of the Linggi River estuary. [1] [2] [3]
ICDPs have many different names, like “People-Centered Conservation and Development”, “Eco-development”, “grassroots conservation”, community-based natural resource management (CBNRM), and community wildlife management (CWM), all of which were created by the conservation organizations, rather than the indigenous people.