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The international pictogram for oxidizing chemicals. Dangerous goods label for oxidizing agents. An oxidizing agent (also known as an oxidant, oxidizer, electron recipient, or electron acceptor) is a substance in a redox chemical reaction that gains or "accepts"/"receives" an electron from a reducing agent (called the reductant, reducer, or electron donor).
In chemistry, a superoxide is a compound that contains the superoxide ion, which has the chemical formula O − 2. [1] The systematic name of the anion is dioxide(1−).The reactive oxygen ion superoxide is particularly important as the product of the one-electron reduction of dioxygen O 2, which occurs widely in nature. [2]
Being prone to disproportionation, it can behave both as an oxidizing and as a reducing agent. Therefore, it is susceptible to interfere in an unpredictable way with many substances. [9] [10] [11] For example, the azide anion can oxidize pyrite (FeS 2) with the formation of thiosulfate (S 2 O 2− 3), or reduce quinone into hydroquinone. [12]
For example, thiosulfate ion with sulfur in oxidation state +2 can react in the presence of acid to form elemental sulfur (oxidation state 0) and sulfur dioxide (oxidation state +4). S 2 O 2− 3 + 2 H + → S + SO 2 + H 2 O. Thus one sulfur atom is reduced from +2 to 0, while the other is oxidized from +2 to +4. [8]: 176
In chemistry, a reducing agent (also known as a reductant, reducer, or electron donor) is a chemical species that "donates" an electron to an electron recipient (called the oxidizing agent, oxidant, oxidizer, or electron acceptor). Examples of substances that are common reducing agents include hydrogen, carbon monoxide, the alkali metals ...
In the NO − 3 anion, the oxidation state of the central nitrogen atom is V (+5). This corresponds to the highest possible oxidation number of nitrogen. Nitrate is a potentially powerful oxidizer as evidenced by its explosive behaviour at high temperature when it is detonated in ammonium nitrate (NH 4 NO 3), or black powder, ignited by the shock wave of a primary explosive.
"Oxide" itself is the dianion (anion bearing a net charge of –2) of oxygen, an O 2– ion with oxygen in the oxidation state of −2. Most of the Earth's crust consists of oxides. Even materials considered pure elements often develop an oxide coating.
The structure of the methoxide ion. In chemistry, an alkoxide is the conjugate base of an alcohol and therefore consists of an organic group bonded to a negatively charged oxygen atom. They are written as RO −, where R is the organyl substituent. Alkoxides are strong bases [citation needed] and, when R is not bulky, good nucleophiles and good ...