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In itself carbonated concrete is a very solid material because its compressive strength increases due to its porosity decrease by the precipitation of calcium carbonate (calcite, CaCO 3). In the absence of steel reinforcement bars and without the formation of expansive reaction products inducing tensile stress inside the concrete matrix, pure ...
Extreme boiler pipe scale buildup Temperature dependence of the solubility of calcium sulfate (3 phases) in pure water. The water is pressurized so that it can be maintained in the liquid state at the elevated temperatures. Scaling or precipitation fouling involves crystallization of solid salts, oxides, and hydroxides from solutions. These are ...
Calcium carbonate is the active ingredient in agricultural lime and is produced when calcium ions in hard water react with carbonate ions to form limescale. It has medical use as a calcium supplement or as an antacid , but excessive consumption can be hazardous and cause hypercalcemia and digestive issues.
As new cold water with dissolved calcium carbonate/bicarbonate is added and heated, the process continues: CO 2 gas is again removed, carbonate concentration increases, and more calcium carbonate precipitates. Scale is often colored because of the presence of iron-containing compounds.
Carbonatation induced rebar corrosion. Carbonatation is a slow process that occurs in concrete where lime (CaO, or Ca(OH) 2 ) in the cement reacts with carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the air and forms calcium carbonate. The water in the pores of Portland cement concrete is normally alkaline with a pH in the range of 12.5 to 13.5.
Lime is an inorganic material composed primarily of calcium oxides and hydroxides. It is also the name for calcium oxide which is used as an industrial mineral and is made by heating calcium carbonate in a kiln. Calcium oxide can occur as a product of coal-seam fires and in altered limestone xenoliths in volcanic ejecta. [1]
Wood ash from a campfire. Wood ash is the powdery residue remaining after the combustion of wood, such as burning wood in a fireplace, bonfire, or an industrial power plant.It is largely composed of calcium compounds, along with other non-combustible trace elements present in the wood, and has been used for many purposes throughout history.
This action causes calcium carbonate to precipitate due to exceeding the solubility product. Additionally, magnesium can be precipitated as magnesium hydroxide in a double displacement reaction. [3] In the process both the calcium (and to an extent magnesium) in the raw water as well as the calcium added with the lime are precipitated.