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The most promising applications of topological insulators are spintronic devices and dissipationless transistors for quantum computers based on the quantum Hall effect [14] and quantum anomalous Hall effect. [62] In addition, topological insulator materials have also found practical applications in advanced magnetoelectronic and optoelectronic ...
The topological insulators and superconductors are classified here in ten symmetry classes (A,AII,AI,BDI,D,DIII,AII,CII,C,CI) named after Altland–Zirnbauer classification, defined here by the properties of the system with respect to three operators: the time-reversal operator , charge conjugation and chiral symmetry . The symmetry classes are ...
In fact topological insulators are different from topologically ordered states defined in this article. Topological insulators only have short-ranged entanglements and have no topological order, while the topological order defined in this article is a pattern of long-range entanglement. Topological order is robust against any perturbations.
Topological order in solid state systems has been studied in condensed matter physics since the discovery of integer quantum Hall effect.But topological matter attracted considerable interest from the physics community after the proposals for possible observation of symmetry-protected topological phases (or the so-called topological insulators) in graphene, [3] and experimental observation of ...
Magnetic topological insulators have proven difficult to create experimentally. In 2023 it was estimated that a magnetic topological insulator might be developed in 15 years' time. [16] A compound made from manganese, bismuth, and tellurium (MnBi2Te4) has been predicted to be a magnetic topological insulator.
In a separate paper, Kane and Mele introduced a topological invariant which characterizes a state as trivial or non-trivial band insulator (regardless if the state exhibits or does not exhibit a quantum spin Hall effect). Further stability studies of the edge liquid through which conduction takes place in the quantum spin Hall state proved ...
The main achievement of this work is a positive application of dissipation – actually helping to stabilise the system's dynamics. [45] [46] [47] In November 2021, a collaboration between Google and physicists from multiple universities reported the observation of a discrete time crystal on Google's Sycamore processor, a quantum computing device.
These are materials that present strong electronic correlations or some type of electronic order, such as superconducting or magnetic orders, or materials whose electronic properties are linked to non-generic quantum effects – topological insulators, Dirac electron systems such as graphene, as well as systems whose collective properties are ...