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The long-chain bases, sometimes simply known as sphingoid bases, are the first non-transient products of de novo sphingolipid synthesis in both yeast and mammals. These compounds, specifically known as phytosphingosine and dihydrosphingosine (also known as sphinganine, [4] although this term is less common), are mainly C 18 compounds, with somewhat lower levels of C 20 bases. [5]
Sphingomyelin (SPH, ˌsfɪŋɡoˈmaɪəlɪn) is a type of sphingolipid found in animal cell membranes, especially in the membranous myelin sheath that surrounds some nerve cell axons. It usually consists of phosphocholine and ceramide , or a phosphoethanolamine head group; therefore, sphingomyelins can also be classified as sphingophospholipids.
Phospholipids and glycolipids consist of two long, nonpolar (hydrophobic) hydrocarbon chains linked to a hydrophilic head group. The heads of phospholipids are phosphorylated and they consist of either: Glycerol (and hence the name phosphoglycerides given to this group of lipids), or; Sphingosine (e.g. sphingomyelin and ceramide).
Sphingomyelin can be found in eggs or bovine brain. This sphingolipid is synthesized at the endoplasmic reticulum and is enriched at the plasma membrane with a larger concentration on the outside. [11] Other phospholipids. There are many other phospholipids, some of which are glycolipids. The glycolipids include phosphatidyl sugars where the ...
Phospholipids [1] are a class of lipids whose molecule has a hydrophilic "head" containing a phosphate group and two hydrophobic "tails" derived from fatty acids, joined by an alcohol residue (usually a glycerol molecule). Marine phospholipids typically have omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA integrated as part of the phospholipid molecule. [2]
Like phospholipids, these fatty acid derivatives have a polar head and nonpolar tails. [5] Unlike phospholipids, sphingolipids have a sphingosine backbone. [10] Sphingolipids exist in eukaryotic cells and are particularly abundant in the central nervous system. [7] For example, sphingomyelin is part of the myelin sheath of nerve fibers. [11]
Theodore Gobley (1847) discovered phospholipids in mammalian brain and hen egg, called by him as "lecithins". Thudichum discovered in human brain some phospholipids , glycolipids (cerebroside) and sphingolipids (sphingomyelin). [9] The terms lipoid, lipin, lipide and lipid have been used with varied meanings from author to author. [15]
They may be considered as sphingolipids with an attached carbohydrate. Glycosphingolipids are a group of lipids (more specifically, sphingolipids ) and are a part of the cell membrane . They consist of a hydrophobic ceramide part and a glycosidically bound carbohydrate part.