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Chemically, levodopa is an amino acid, a phenethylamine, and a catecholamine. [3] Levodopa was first synthesized and isolated in the early 1910s. [3] The antiparkinsonian effects of levodopa were discovered in the 1950s and 1960s. [3] Following this, it was introduced for the treatment of Parkinson's disease in 1970. [3]
l-DOPA, also known as l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine and used medically as levodopa, is made and used as part of the normal biology of some plants [2] and animals, including humans. Humans, as well as a portion of the other animals that utilize l -DOPA, make it via biosynthesis from the amino acid l -tyrosine .
[4] [27] Levodopa was first synthesized in 1911 by Casimir Funk, but it received little attention until the mid 20th century. [12] It entered clinical practice in 1967, and the first large study reporting improvements in people with Parkinson's disease resulting from treatment with levodopa was published in 1968.
Cotzias was born in Chania on the island of Crete, Greece on 16 June 1918. He was son of the two-times (1934 and 1951) mayor of Athens, Costas Cotzias.He started his medical studies at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, but fled to USA with his father when German troops invaded Athens (1941).
Opioids are among the world's oldest known drugs. [13] [14] Use of the opium poppy for medical, recreational, and religious purposes can be traced to the 4th century BCE, when Hippocrates wrote about it for its analgesic properties, stating, "Divinum opus est sedare dolores." ("Divine work is the easing of pain") [15]
Carbidopa/levodopa, also known as levocarb and co-careldopa, is the combination of the two medications carbidopa and levodopa. [6] It is primarily used to manage the symptoms of Parkinson's disease , but it does not slow down the disease or stop it from getting worse. [ 6 ]
Foslevodopa is a medication which acts as a prodrug for levodopa, originally invented in the 1980s but not developed for medical use at that time. [1] It is approved for use in a subcutaneous infusion as a fixed-dose combination with foscarbidopa for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, under the brand name Vyalev. [2] [3]
Melevodopa/carbidopa, sold under the brand name Sirio, is a combination of melevodopa, a prodrug of the dopamine precursor and hence non-selective dopamine receptor agonist levodopa (L-DOPA), and carbidopa, a peripherally selective aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD) inhibitor, which is used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease in Italy.