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Most Mesopotamian cylinder seals form an image using depressions in the cylinder surface (see lead photo above) to make bumps on the impression and are used primarily on wet clay; but some cylinder seals (sometimes called roller stamps) print images using ink or similar using raised areas on the cylinder (such as the San Andrés cylinder seal ...
Özgüç, Nimet. "Seal Impressions from the Palaces at Acemhöyük." In Ancient Art in Seals, edited by Edith Porada, 61-80. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980. Özgüç, Nimet. Kültepe-Kaniš/Neša: Seal Impressions on the Clay Envelopes from the Archives of the Native Peruwa and Assyrian Trader Uṣur-Ša-Ištar Son of Aššur-Imittī.
Cylinder seals have survived in large numbers, many with complex and detailed scenes despite their small size. Mesopotamian art survives in a number of forms: cylinder seals, relatively small figures in the round, and reliefs of various sizes, including cheap plaques of moulded pottery for the home, some religious and some apparently not. [2]
[13]: 212 Uruk was the first civilization to make use of cylinder seals, a practice that would eventually permeate the entirety of the ancient Near East, as well as Bronze Age Greece. [ 1 ] : 54 Cylinder seals were used by individuals and were a marker of one's identity as they acted as a signature and were used for officiating documents.
Impressions of clay seals from the Indus Valley city of Harappa were evidently used to seal bundles of merchandise, as clay seal impressions with cord or sack marks on the reverse side testify. A number of these Indian seals have been found at Ur and other Mesopotamian sites. [57] [58]
These cylinder seals would remain a characteristic element of Near Eastern civilization for several millennia. The reasons for their success lay in the possibilities that they offered of an image and thus a message with more detail, with a narrative structure, and perhaps an element of magic.
"Master of the Animals" stamp seals, Tepe Giyan, Iran, 5000-4000 BCE. [7] The earliest known depiction of such a motif appears on stamp seals of the Ubaid period in Mesopotamia. [8] The motif appears on a terracotta stamp seal from Tell Telloh, ancient Girsu, at the end of the prehistoric Ubaid period of Mesopotamia, c. 4000 BC. [9] [10] [11]
Mesopotamian deity sitting on a stool, holding the rod-and-ring symbol. Old-Babylonian fired clay plaque from Southern Mesopotamia, Iraq. The rod-and-ring symbol is a symbol that is depicted on Mesopotamian stelas, cylinder seals, and reliefs. It is held by a god or goddess and in most cases is being offered to a king who is standing, often ...