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Hydroxychloroquine, sold under the brand name Plaquenil among others, is a medication used to prevent and treat malaria in areas where malaria remains sensitive to chloroquine. Other uses include treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and porphyria cutanea tarda. It is taken by mouth, often in the form of hydroxychloroquine sulfate. [3]
[1] [4] Chloroquine is a member of the drug class 4-aminoquinoline. [1] As an antimalarial, it works against the asexual form of the malaria parasite in the stage of its life cycle within the red blood cell. [1] How it works in rheumatoid arthritis and lupus erythematosus is unclear. [1] Chloroquine was discovered in 1934 by Hans Andersag.
It is unclear if use during pregnancy or breastfeeding is safe for the baby. [6] It is not recommended to prevent malaria in those with poor kidney function. [4] Atovaquone works by interfering with the function of mitochondria in malaria while proguanil blocks dihydrofolate reductase. [3]
Heartburn is a common symptom of late term pregnancy during which up to 80% of pregnant women have experienced it by the end of their third trimester. [12] Heartburn often indicates the development of gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), where the lower esophageal sphincter relaxes due to elevated progesterone levels causing increased ...
A high-risk pregnancy is a pregnancy where the mother or the fetus has an increased risk of adverse outcomes compared to uncomplicated pregnancies. No concrete guidelines currently exist for distinguishing “high-risk” pregnancies from “low-risk” pregnancies; however, there are certain studied conditions that have been shown to put the mother or fetus at a higher risk of poor outcomes. [1]
A patient who received a 1:330 risk score, while technically low-risk (since the cutoff for high-risk is commonly quoted as 1:270), might be more likely to still opt for a confirmatory invasive test. On the other hand, a patient who receives a 1:1000 risk score is more likely to feel assuaged that her pregnancy is normal.
The estimated date of delivery (EDD), also known as expected date of confinement, [1] and estimated due date or simply due date, is a term describing the estimated delivery date for a pregnant woman. [2] Normal pregnancies last between 38 and 42 weeks. [3] Children are delivered on their expected due date about 4% of the time. [4]
It is recommended women of childbearing age should use contraceptives to avoid pregnancy and to discontinue its use if pregnancy is planned. [109] [129] Low dose of prednisolone, hydroxychloroquine and sulfasalazine are considered safe in pregnant women with rheumatoid arthritis. Prednisolone should be used with caution as the side effects ...