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The world production of scandium is in the order of 15–20 tonnes per year, in the form of scandium oxide. The demand is slightly higher, [ 23 ] and both the production and demand keep increasing. In 2003, only three mines produced scandium: the uranium and iron mines in Zhovti Vody in Ukraine, the rare-earth mines in Bayan Obo , China, and ...
Scandium oxide is the primary form of refined scandium produced by the mining industry. Scandium-rich ores, such as thortveitite (Sc,Y) 2 (Si 2 O 7) and kolbeckite ScPO 4 ·2H 2 O are rare, however trace amounts of scandium are present in many other minerals. Scandium oxide is therefore predominantly produced as a by-product from the extraction ...
In 2017, China produced 81% of the world's rare-earth supply, mostly in Inner Mongolia, [8] [43] although it had only 36.7% of reserves. Australia was the second and only other major producer with 15% of world production. [44]
Metallic scandium was produced for the first time in 1937 by electrolysis of a eutectic mixture, at 700–800 °C, of potassium, lithium, and scandium chlorides. [33] Scandium exists in the same ores that yttrium had been discovered from, but is much rarer and probably for that reason had eluded discovery. [25]
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In all four halides, the scandium is 6-coordinated. They can be prepared by reacting scandium oxide or scandium hydroxide with the corresponding acid: [3] Sc(OH) 3 + 3 HX → ScX 3 + 3 H 2 O. The halides are Lewis acids; for example, ScF 3 dissolves in a solution containing excess fluoride ion to form [ScF 6] 3−. The coordination number 6 is ...
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