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In Europe as of 2007, Sweden spends the second highest percentage of GDP, after the Netherlands, on drug control. [12] The UNODC argues that when Sweden reduced spending on education and rehabilitation in the 1990s in a context of higher youth unemployment and declining GDP growth, illicit drug use rose [13] but restoring expenditure from 2002 again sharply decreased drug use as student ...
"Substance use pertains to using select substances such as alcohol, tobacco, illicit drugs, etc. that can cause dependence or harmful side effects."On the other hand, substance abuse is the use of drugs such as prescriptions, over-the-counter medications, or alcohol for purposes other than what they are intended for or using them in excessive ...
Drug tolerance or drug insensitivity is a pharmacological concept describing subjects' reduced reaction to a drug following its repeated use. Increasing its dosage may re-amplify the drug's effects; however, this may accelerate tolerance, further reducing the drug's effects.
The general theory of a vaccine intended to "immunize" against drug addiction or other substance abuse is that it would condition the immune system to attack and consume or otherwise disable the molecules of such substances that cause a reaction in the brain, thus preventing the addict from being able to realize the effect of the drug.
[7] [8] Drug use and addiction also increased significantly following the invention of the hypodermic syringe in 1853, [9] with overdose being a leading cause of death among intravenous drug users. [10] Efforts to prohibit various drugs began to be enacted in the early 20th century, though the effectiveness of such policies is debated. Deaths ...
It is debated whether the entire antipsychotic drug class causes true physical dependency, a subset, or if none do. [38] But, if discontinued too rapidly, it could cause an acute withdrawal syndrome. [39] When talking about illicit drugs rebound withdrawal, especially with stimulants, it is sometimes referred to as "coming down" or "crashing".
Pharmacogenomics, often abbreviated "PGx," is the study of the role of the genome in drug response. Its name ( pharmaco- + genomics ) reflects its combining of pharmacology and genomics . Pharmacogenomics analyzes how the genetic makeup of a patient affects their response to drugs. [ 1 ]
Table from the 2010 ISCD study ranking various drugs (legal and illegal) based on statements by drug-harm experts. LSD was found to be the 18th most dangerous out of 20 considered. [ 55 ] Addiction experts in psychiatry, chemistry, pharmacology, forensic science, epidemiology, and the police and legal services engaged in delphic analysis ...