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The history of the universe after inflation but before a time of about 1 second is largely unknown. [26] However, the universe is known to have been dominated by ultrarelativistic Standard Model particles, conventionally called radiation, by the time of neutrino decoupling at about 1 second. [27]
Thus, an accelerating universe took a longer time to expand from 2/3 to 1 times its present size, compared to a non-accelerating universe with constant ˙ and the same present-day value of the Hubble constant. This results in a larger light-travel time, larger distance and fainter supernovae, which corresponds to the actual observations.
Likewise, the generally accepted value of 2.27 Es −1 means that (at the current rate) the universe would grow by a factor of e 2.27 in one exasecond. Over long periods of time, the dynamics are complicated by general relativity, dark energy, inflation, etc., as explained above.
The Big Bang is a physical theory that describes how the universe expanded from an initial state of high density and temperature. [1] The concept of an expanding universe was scientifically originated by physicist Alexander Friedmann in 1922 with the mathematical derivation of the Friedmann equations.
In a $19.5 million NASA-funded mission, a team at George Mason University is heading a project to construct and launch a small satellite into orbit.
The largest black holes in the universe are predicted to continue to grow. Larger black holes of up to 10 14 (100 trillion) M ☉ may form during the collapse of superclusters of galaxies. Even these would evaporate over a timescale of 10 109 [ 46 ] to 10 110 years.
In physical cosmology, the Big Rip is a hypothetical cosmological model concerning the ultimate fate of the universe, in which the matter of the universe, from stars and galaxies to atoms and subatomic particles, and even spacetime itself, is progressively torn apart by the expansion of the universe at a certain time in the future, until distances between particles will infinitely increase.
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