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In electromagnetism, Isopotential maps are a measure of electrostatic potential in space. The spatial derivatives of an electrostatic field indicate the contours of the electrostatic field, so isopotential maps show where another charged molecule might interact, using equipotential lines (isopotentials).
Electrostatic potential – The potential, ε p, is defined as the energy of interaction of a positive point charge located at p with the nuclei and electrons of a molecule. A surface for which the electrostatic potential is negative (a negative potential surface) delineates regions in a molecule which are subject to electrophilic attack.
The data below tabulates standard electrode potentials (E°), in volts relative to the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE), at: . Temperature 298.15 K (25.00 °C; 77.00 °F); ...
Practically, this allows trends to be predicted qualitatively based on visual representations of electrostatic potential maps for a series of arenes. Electrostatic attraction is not the only component of cation–π bonding. For example, 1,3,5-trifluorobenzene interacts with cations despite having a negligible quadrupole moment.
μ i is the electrochemical potential of species i, in J/mol, μ i is the chemical potential of the species i, in J/mol, z i is the valency (charge) of the ion i, a dimensionless integer, F is the Faraday constant, in C/mol, Φ is the local electrostatic potential in V. In the special case of an uncharged atom, z i = 0, and so μ i = μ i.
Acetone is produced directly or indirectly from propene. Approximately 83% of acetone is produced via the cumene process; [24] as a result, acetone production is tied to phenol production. In the cumene process, benzene is alkylated with propylene to produce cumene, which is oxidized by air to produce phenol and acetone:
The Poisson–Boltzmann equation can be applied to biomolecular systems. One example is the binding of electrolytes to biomolecules in a solution. This process is dependent upon the electrostatic field generated by the molecule, the electrostatic potential on the surface of the molecule, as well as the electrostatic free energy. [13]
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