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The female or male external sphincter muscle of urethra (sphincter urethrae): located in the deep perineal pouch, at the bladder's distal inferior end in females, and inferior to the prostate (at the level of the membranous urethra) in males. It is a secondary sphincter to control the flow of urine through the urethra.
The muscle helps maintain continence of urine along with the internal urethral sphincter which is under control of the autonomic nervous system.The external sphincter muscle prevents urine leakage as the muscle is tonically contracted via somatic fibers that originate in Onuf's nucleus and pass through sacral spinal nerves S2-S4 then the pudendal nerve to synapse on the muscle.
The internal urethral sphincter is a urethral sphincter muscle which constricts the internal urethral orifice. It is located at the junction of the urethra with the urinary bladder and is continuous with the detrusor muscle , [ 1 ] [ 2 ] but anatomically and functionally fully independent from it. [ 3 ]
A short (1 or 2 cm) portion passing through the external urethral sphincter. This is the narrowest part of the urethra. It is located in the deep perineal pouch. The bulbourethral glands (Cowper's gland) are found posterior to this region but open in the spongy urethra. Pseudostratified columnar: Spongy urethra (or penile urethra)
Compressor urethrae muscle in the female is sometimes included [3] Urethrovaginal sphincter in the female is sometimes included [3] other Membranous urethra in the male; proximal portion of urethra in the female; Bulbourethral gland (males). The Bartholin gland, the female counterpart, is in the superficial perineal pouch; Vagina (females)
These fibers pass, in a more or less longitudinal manner, up the inferior surface of the bladder, over its apex, and then descend along its fundus to become attached to the prostate in the male, and to the front of the vagina in the female. At the sides of the bladder the fibers are arranged obliquely and intersect one another.
The pudendal nerve is the main nerve of the perineum. [1]: 274 It is a mixed (motor and sensory) nerve and also conveys sympathetic autonomic fibers.It carries sensation from the external genitalia of both sexes and the skin around the anus and perineum, as well as the motor supply to various pelvic muscles, including the male or female external urethral sphincter and the external anal sphincter.
The perineal membrane has two distinct portions that span the opening of the anterior pelvic outlet. [2]The ventral (anterior) portion is associated with the compressor urethra and urethrovaginal sphincter muscles (previously called deep transverse perineal muscles), and is continuous with the insertion of the arcus tendineus fascia pelvis. [3]