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Cardiac markers are biomarkers measured to evaluate heart function. They can be useful in the early prediction or diagnosis of disease. [ 1 ] Although they are often discussed in the context of myocardial infarction , other conditions can lead to an elevation in cardiac marker level.
The ST2 cardiac biomarker (also known as soluble interleukin 1 receptor-like 1) is a protein biomarker of cardiac stress encoded by the IL1RL1 gene. ST2 signals the presence and severity of adverse cardiac remodeling and tissue fibrosis, which occurs in response to myocardial infarction, acute coronary syndrome, or worsening heart failure.
Diagnostic biomarkers that meet a burden of proof can serve a role in narrowing down diagnosis. This can lead to diagnosis that are significantly more specific to individual patients. After a heart attack a number of different cardiac biomarkers can be measured to determine exactly when an attack occurred and how severe it was.
Clinical Advantages of Critical Diagnostics' Cardiac Biomarker ST2 Featured In YouTube Video Study shows ST2 combined with troponin to be superior to Roche's NT-proBNP for risk stratification of ...
Cardiac imaging is an active area of biomarker research. Coronary angiography , an invasive procedure requiring catheterization , has long been the gold standard for diagnosing arterial stenosis, but scientists and doctors hope to develop noninvasive techniques.
Rarely, a cardiac bulge with a pace different from the pulse rhythm can be felt on precordial examination. Various abnormalities can be found on auscultation , such as a third and fourth heart sound , systolic murmurs , paradoxical splitting of the second heart sound, a pericardial friction rub and rales over the lung.