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Hydrocodone is a highly selective full agonist of the μ-opioid receptor (MOR). [28] [54] [49] This is the main biological target of the endogenous opioid neuropeptide β-endorphin. [55] Hydrocodone has low affinity for the δ-opioid receptor (DOR) and the κ-opioid receptor (KOR), where it is an agonist similarly. [49]
Hydrocodone diversion and recreational use have escalated due to its opioid effects. [12] In 2009 and 2010, hydrocodone was the second most frequently encountered opioid in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Benzhydrocodone (contracted from benzoate-hydrocodone) is an opioid prodrug of the morphinan class. Its chemical structure consists of hydrocodone coupled with benzoic acid . Benzhydrocodone itself is inactive and acts as a prodrug to hydrocodone upon cleavage of the benzoate portion of the molecule.
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Hydrocodone [2] 9150 opiate Hydromorphone [2] 9260 opiate Metopon [2] 9300 opiate Morphine [2] 9668 opiate Noroxymorphone [5] 9610 opiate Opium extracts [2] 9620 opiate Opium fluid [2] 9330 opiate Oripavine [6] 9143 opiate Oxycodone [2] 9652 opiate Oxymorphone [2] 9639 opiate Powdered opium [2] 9600 opiate Raw opium [2] 9333 opiate Thebaine [2 ...
Clinics that dispensed painkillers proliferated with only the loosest of safeguards, until a recent coordinated federal-state crackdown crushed many of the so-called “pill mills.” As the opioid pain meds became scarce, a cheaper opioid began to take over the market — heroin. Frieden said three quarters of heroin users started with pills.