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Left ventricular hypertrophy with secondary repolarization abnormalities as seen on ECG Histopathology of (a) normal myocardium and (b) myocardial hypertrophy. Scale bar indicates 50 μm. Gross pathology of left ventricular hypertrophy. Left ventricle is at right in image, serially sectioned from apex to near base.
The diagnosis of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction is usually made by echocardiographic assessment and is defined as a peak left ventricular outflow tract gradient of ≥ 30 mmHg. [35] Another, non-obstructive variant of HCM is apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (AHCM or ApHCM), [37] also called Yamaguchi syndrome.
Ventricular hypertrophy can result from a variety of conditions, both adaptive and maladaptive. For example, it occurs in what is regarded as a physiologic, adaptive process in pregnancy in response to increased blood volume; but can also occur as a consequence of ventricular remodeling following a heart attack .
Ventricular remodeling may include ventricular hypertrophy, ventricular dilation, cardiomegaly, and other changes. It is an aspect of cardiomyopathy, of which there are many types. Concentric hypertrophy is due to pressure overload, while eccentric hypertrophy is due to volume overload. [6]
In this condition, the walls of the left and/or right ventricles of the heart become thin and stretched. [29] In the other types, the heart's left ventricle becomes abnormally thick. Hypertrophy is usually what causes left ventricular enlargement. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is typically an inherited condition. [30]
The regurgitant fraction may not change significantly, since the gradient between the aortic and left ventricular pressures is usually fairly low at the initiation of treatment. Other rather conservative medical treatments for stable and asymptomatic cases include low sodium diet , diuretics , digoxin , calcium blockers and avoiding very ...
Treatment depends on the type of cardiomyopathy and condition of disease, but may include medication (conservative treatment) or iatrogenic/implanted pacemakers for slow heart rates, defibrillators for those prone to fatal heart rhythms, ventricular assist devices (VADs) for severe heart failure, or catheter ablation for recurring dysrhythmias ...
Left axis deviation per se does not require treatment, however the underlying cause can be treated. [5] If left ventricular hypertrophy is the cause of LAD, treatment depends on the underlying cause of the hypertrophy.