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Voclosporin, sold under the brand name Lupkynis, is a calcineurin inhibitor used as an immunosuppressant medication for the treatment of lupus nephritis. [2] [4] It is an analog of ciclosporin that has enhanced action against calcineurin and greater metabolic stability.
Anifrolumab, sold under the brand name Saphnelo, is a monoclonal antibody used for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus. [5] [7] It binds to the type I interferon receptor, blocking the activity of type I interferons such as interferon-α and interferon-β. [medical citation needed]
Belimumab is primarily used in people with systemic lupus erythematosus. When it was introduced in 2011, it was the first new drug approved to treat lupus in 56 years. [8] Sales rose to $31.2 million in the first quarter of 2012. [37] The total cost for the first year of treatment with belimumab is $28,000. [38]
The classical period began when the disease was first recognized in the Middle Ages. The term lupus is attributed to 12th-century Italian physician Rogerius Frugard, who used it to describe ulcerating sores on the legs of people. [157] No formal treatment for the disease existed and the resources available to physicians to help people were limited.
Azathioprine, sold under the brand name Imuran, among others, is an immunosuppressive medication. [5] It is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and systemic lupus erythematosus; and in kidney transplants to prevent rejection.
Furthermore, anti-histone antibodies can also be positive in drug-induced lupus. [citation needed] Anti-Histone antibodies are positive in up to 95% of patients with drug induced lupus. The most common medications associated with drug induced lupus are hydralazine, procainamide, isoniazid, methyldopa, chlorpromazine, quinidine, and minocycline. [9]
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