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In London, the apothecaries merited their own livery company, the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries, founded in 1617. [26] [27] Its roots, however, go back much earlier to the Guild of Pepperers formed in London in 1180. [28] Similarly in Ireland, Apothecaries were organized since before 1446. [29]
In the cities, the foundations of commercial pharmacy were slowly building. By 1721 there were "14 apothecary shops in Boston," [11] and the first "commissioned pharmaceutical officer in an American army" was the Boston apothecary, Andrew Craigie. [18] A sort of warrior-apothecary, he took part in the Battle of Bunker Hill, June 17, 1775. And ...
The Royal College of Apothecaries of the City and Kingdom of Valencia was founded in 1441, considered the oldest in the world, with full administrative and legislative powers. The apothecaries of Valencia were the first in the world to elaborate their medicines, with the same criteria that are currently required in the official pharmacopoeias. [18]
Prior to the foundation of the Society in 1617, London apothecaries were in the Grocers' Company (founded 1345, and whose trade was described in 1365 as the "Mistery of Grossers, Pepperers and Apothecaries"). In the 14th and 15th centuries, the Grocers, Pepperers, Spicers and Apothecaries were the trades constituting the Fraternity of St Anthony.
According to another theory which puts pharmacists in a good light, during the Great Plague of London (1665–66), while many physicians were fleeing the city, apothecaries placed containers of colored liquids in their windows "to assure the threatened citizenry that they were still there ready to provide needed help."
There are more than 50 Chinese herbal apothecaries in the Los Angeles area, according to Willie So, sales director of Chinatown-based Solstice Medicine, a leading distributor of traditional ...
English-speaking countries also used a system of units of fluid measure, or in modern terminology volume units, based on the apothecaries' system. Originally, the terms and symbols used to describe the volume measurements of liquids were the same as or similar to those used to describe weight measurements of solids [33] (for example, the pound by weight and the fluid pint were both referred to ...
While O’Connell’s findings were groundbreaking, they have yet to infiltrate popular culture and sex education in a meaningful way. The anatomical map has not been altered to account for new discoveries. It is easy to dismiss inaccuracies in anatomical or geographical mapping. But maps are more than guides used to navigate a landscape.