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The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Western European Christians in the medieval period.The best known of these military expeditions are those to the Holy Land between 1095 and 1291 that had the objective of reconquering Jerusalem and its surrounding area from Muslim rule after the region had been conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate ...
For them the positives effects of crusading, such as the increasing liberty that municipalities were able to purchase from feudal lords, were only by-products. This view was then criticized in the 19th century by Crusade enthusiasts as being unnecessarily hostile to, and ignorant of, the crusades. [ 148 ]
Many other crusades were launched through time for various reasons and motives. Jerusalem remained in Christian hands for almost a century until the crusaders were defeated by Saladin at the Battle of Hattin in 1187, and three months later, the last defenders were expelled from the city. [10]
The first of these is Crusades, [191] [137] by French historian Louis R. Bréhier, appearing in the Catholic Encyclopedia, based on his L'Église et l'Orient au Moyen Âge: Les Croisades. [192] The second is The Crusades, [193] by English historian Ernest Barker, in the Encyclopædia Britannica (11th edition). Collectively, Bréhier and Barker ...
Eleanor enjoyed her stay, but her uncle implored her to remain to enlarge family lands and divorce Louis if the king refused to help what was assuredly the military cause of the Crusade. [42] During this period, there were rumours of an affair between Raymond and Eleanor, which caused tensions in the marriage between Louis and Eleanor. [43]
The long distance to the Middle East and the difficulty in crossing often hostile territory resulted in the Crusader forces being relatively outnumbered by the surrounding pre-existing nations. There were regular calls for reinforcements from the Crusader states attempting to alleviate this problem. Several calls resulted in new Crusades.
"The Crusades: A History of One of the Most Epic Military Campaigns of All Time", Jonathan Howard, 2011; God's War: A New History of the Crusades, Christopher Tyerman "Mongols and Mamluks", Reuven Amitai-Preiss, 2005; Runciman, Steven (1987). A History of the Crusades: Volume 3, The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades. Cambridge University ...
The sack of the Jerusalem and ensuing massacre encouraged Louis IX to organize the first of his Crusades. Nevertheless, the recent fall of Jerusalem clarified to many European Christians, who had seen the city change hands between Christians and Muslims numerous times in the past two centuries, that it was a lost cause.