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Ambiguity is a form of uncertainty where even the possible outcomes have unclear meanings and interpretations. The statement "He returns from the bank" is ambiguous because its interpretation depends on whether the word 'bank' is meant as "the side of a river" or "a financial institution". Ambiguity typically arises in situations where multiple ...
The definition of knowledge as justified true belief is often discussed in the academic literature. An often-discussed definition characterizes knowledge as justified true belief. This definition identifies three essential features: it is (1) a belief that is (2) true and (3) justified. [21] [b] Truth is a widely accepted feature of knowledge ...
Terminology is a discipline that studies, among other things, the development of such terms and their interrelationships within a specialized domain. Terminology differs from lexicography , as it involves the study of concepts , conceptual systems and their labels ( terms ), whereas lexicography studies words and their meanings.
[4] [20] Contextualists have argued that the standards depend on the context in which the knowledge claim is made. For example, in a low-stake situation, a person may know that the solar system has 8 planets, even though the same person lacks this knowledge in a high-stake situation.
Another topic is the extent and limits of knowledge, confronting questions about what people can and cannot know. [2] Other central concepts include belief, truth, justification, evidence, and reason. [3] Epistemology is one of the main branches of philosophy besides fields like ethics, logic, and metaphysics. [4]
Solipsism (/ ˈ s ɒ l ɪ p s ɪ z əm / ⓘ SOLL-ip-siz-əm; from Latin solus 'alone' and ipse 'self') [1] is the philosophical idea that only one's mind is sure to exist. As an epistemological position, solipsism holds that knowledge of anything outside one's own mind is unsure; the external world and other minds cannot be known and might not exist outside the mind.
The word "logic" originates from the Greek word logos, which has a variety of translations, such as reason, discourse, or language. [4] Logic is traditionally defined as the study of the laws of thought or correct reasoning, [5] and is usually understood in terms of inferences or arguments. Reasoning is the activity of drawing inferences.
Path dependence is a concept in the social sciences, referring to processes where past events or decisions constrain later events or decisions. [1] [2] It can be used to refer to outcomes at a single point in time or to long-run equilibria of a process. [3]