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An animal model (short for animal disease model) is a living, non-human, often genetic-engineered animal used during the research and investigation of human disease, for the purpose of better understanding the disease process without the risk of harming a human. Although biological activity in an animal model does not ensure an effect in humans ...
According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), the total number of animals used in that country in 2005 was almost 1.2 million, [2] excluding rats and mice. [3] [4] Some animal rights supporters believe that alternatives exist for animal models in research; however the vast majority of scientists believe there are no adequate alternatives which truly replace the roles which research ...
List of aquarium diseases; List of dog diseases; List of feline diseases; List of diseases of the honey bee; List of diseases spread by invertebrates; Poultry disease; Lists of zoonotic diseases, infectious diseases that have jumped from an animal to a human
Sabin wrote in 1992, "Without the use of animals and human beings, it would have been impossible to acquire the important knowledge needed to prevent much suffering and premature death not only among humans, but also among animals." [52] Other 20th-century medical advances and treatments that relied on research performed in animals include ...
The Johns Hopkins University Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT) has worked with scientists, since 1981, to find new methods to replace the use of laboratory animals in experiments, reduce the number of animals tested, and refine necessary tests to eliminate pain and distress (the Three Rs as described in Russell and Burch's Principles of Humane Experimental Technique). [1]
It has been an open access journal since 2011 under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. [1] The journal has two companion publications: ALTEX Proceedings (ISSN 2194-0479), which publishes proceedings of scientific conferences relating to the 3Rs, and TIERethik, a biannual German-language periodical on bioethics and human-animal studies. [4]
Animal testing, also known as animal experimentation, animal research, and in vivo testing, is the use of non-human animals, such as model organisms, in experiments that seek to control the variables that affect the behavior or biological system under study. This approach can be contrasted with field studies in which animals are observed in ...
It promotes the use of alternative methods for animal testing, but does not oblige the test performer to do so; "Article 25.1 - In order to avoid animal testing, testing on vertebrate animals for the purposes of this Regulation shall be undertaken only as a last resort. It is also necessary to take measures limiting duplication of other tests."