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The 12 founding member states of CERN in 1954. [13]The convention establishing CERN [14] was ratified on 29 September 1954 by 12 countries in Western Europe. [15] The acronym CERN originally represented the French words for Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire ('European Council for Nuclear Research'), which was a provisional council for building the laboratory, established by 12 ...
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world's largest and highest-energy particle collider. [1][2] It was built by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) between 1998 and 2008 in collaboration with over 10,000 scientists and hundreds of universities and laboratories across more than 100 countries. [3]
As computed, the neutrinos' average time of flight turned out to be less than what light would need to travel the same distance in vacuum. In a two-week span up to November 6 , the OPERA team repeated the measurement with a different way of generating neutrinos, which helped measure travel time of each detected neutrino separately.
High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider. The High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC; formerly referred to as HiLumi LHC, Super LHC, and SLHC) is an upgrade to the Large Hadron Collider, operated by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), located at the French-Swiss border near Geneva. From 2011 to 2020, the project was led ...
The Large Electron–Positron Collider (LEP) was one of the largest particle accelerators ever constructed. It was built at CERN, a multi-national centre for research in nuclear and particle physics near Geneva, Switzerland. LEP collided electrons with positrons at energies that reached 209 GeV. It was a circular collider with a circumference ...
The Synchro-Cyclotron, or Synchrocyclotron (SC), built in 1957, was CERN ’s first accelerator. It was in circumference and provided for CERN's first experiments in particle and nuclear physics. It accelerated particles to energies up to 600 MeV. The foundation stone of CERN was laid at the site of the Synchrocyclotron by the first Director ...
Used to separate Uranium 235 isotope for the Manhattan project, after the end of World War II used for separation of medical and other isotopes. 95-inch cyclotron. Harvard Cyclotron Laboratory. 1949–2002. Circular. Proton. 160 MeV. Used for nuclear physics 1949 – ~ 1961, development of clinical proton therapy until 2002.
The CERN Hadron Linacs are linear accelerators that accelerate beams of hadrons from a standstill to be used by the larger circular accelerators at the facility. The first CERN Linac, operating from 1958 until 1992. Linac 2, operating from 1978 to 2018, was used to accelerate protons. Linac 3, currently (as of 2020) used to accelerate ions.