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This is a list of African-American activists [1] covering various areas of activism, but primarily focused on those African-Americans who historically and currently have been fighting racism and racial injustice against African-Americans.
The swamp became a particularly more enticing in times of great upheaval like the American Revolution, reflected by the increase in refugees. [ 4 ] Today the swamp is seen as a place of resistance, [ 46 ] where enslaved people could share in their cultural, agricultural and artisan knowledge, make their own economy and have their own freedom.
Gottesman, Ronald, ed. Violence in America: An Encyclopedia (3 vol 1999) vol 2 online, comprehensive guide by experts; Graham, Hugh D. and Ted R Gurr, eds. The History of Violence in America: Historical and Comparative Perspectives (1969) (A Report Submitted to the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence) online
American Sociological Review (1998): 39-54. online; Bernstein, Iver. The New York City Draft Riots: Their Significance for American Society and Politics in the Age of the Civil War (Oxford UP, 1991) online; Brophy, Alfred L. and Randall Kennedy. Reconstructing the Dreamland: The Tulsa Riot of 1921: Race, Reparations, and Reconciliation (Oxford ...
1765 - Black Boys Rebellion, 1765 & 1769, Revolt against British policy regarding American Indians in western Pennsylvania. Conococheague Valley, colonial Pennsylvania 1765 - Stamp Act 1765 riots, Protests and riots in Boston, later spread throughout the colonies, notably Rhode Island, Maryland, New York, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, and South ...
In the 1980s, the rise of hypersegregation was distinctively large in Black neighborhoods. The extreme segregation of African Americans resulted in a different society lived by black and white residents. The isolation of the African American community was evident in living conditions, grocery markets, job applications, etc.
In America, while things are not perfect, some people are racists or anti-religious bigots and political polarization is high, we are a far cry from this kind of environment. Including for women.
Black Americans, for example, who gained formal U.S. citizenship by 1870, were soon disenfranchised. For instance, after 1890, less than 9,000 of Mississippi's 147,000 eligible African-American voters were registered to vote, or about 6%. Louisiana went from 130,000 registered African-American voters in 1896 to 1,342 in 1904 (about a 99% decrease).