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Negative scores indicate lower bone density, and positive scores indicate higher. Less than 0.5% of patients who underwent DXA-scanning were found to have a T- or Z-score of more than +4.0, often the cause of an unusually high bone mass (HBM) and associated with mild skeletal dysplasia and the inability to float in water. [9]
To find a negative value such as -0.83, one could use a cumulative table for negative z-values [3] which yield a probability of 0.20327. But since the normal distribution curve is symmetrical, probabilities for only positive values of Z are typically given.
Comparison of the various grading methods in a normal distribution, including: standard deviations, cumulative percentages, percentile equivalents, z-scores, T-scores. In statistics, the standard score is the number of standard deviations by which the value of a raw score (i.e., an observed value or data point) is above or below the mean value of what is being observed or measured.
Bone densities are often given to patients as a T score or a Z score. A T score tells the patient what their bone mineral density is in comparison to a young adult of the same gender with peak bone mineral density. A normal T score is -1.0 and above, low bone density is between -1.0 and -2.5, and osteoporosis is -2.5 and lower.
The US National Osteoporosis Foundation recommends pharmacologic treatment for patients with hip or spine fracture thought to be related to osteoporosis, those with BMD 2.5 SD or more below the young normal mean (T-score -2.5 or below), and those with BMD between 1 and 2.5 SD below normal mean whose 10-year risk, using FRAX, for hip fracture is ...
A lack of exposure to sunlight, the natural process of aging, and high levels of body fat can all contribute to vitamin D deficiency, which can lead to osteoporosis, bone and joint pain, and ...
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