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Pakistani English (Paklish, Pinglish, PakEng, en-PK [2] [3]) is a group of English-language varieties spoken in Pakistan and among the Pakistani diaspora. [4] English is the primary language used by the government of Pakistan , alongside Urdu , on the national level.
As of 2024, there are 57 sovereign states and 28 non-sovereign entities where English is an official language. Many administrative divisions have declared English an official language at the local or regional level. Most states where English is an official language are former territories of the British Empire.
[2] [3] The majority of Pakistan's languages belong to the Indo-Iranian group of the Indo-European language family. [4] [5] Urdu is the national language and the lingua franca of Pakistan, and while sharing official status with English, it is the preferred and dominant language used for inter-communication between different ethnic groups.
English was formally introduced to the sub-continent of South Asia (India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal and Bhutan) during the second half of the eighteenth century. In India, English was given status through the implementation of Macaulay 'Minute' of 1835, which proposed the introduction of an English educational system in India. [16]
Madrasah Reform and State Power in Pakistan (2012) K.K. Aziz. (2004) The Murder of History : A Critique of History Textbooks used in Pakistan. Vanguard. ISBN 969-402-126-X; Nayyar, A. H. & Salim, Ahmad. (2003) The Subtle Subversion: The State of Curricula and Text-books in Pakistan – Urdu, English, Social Studies and Civics.
English is the most common official or co-official language, with recognized status in 51 countries. Arabic , French , and Spanish are official or co-official languages in several countries. An official language that is also an indigenous language is called endoglossic , one that is not indigenous is exoglossic . [ 7 ]
Language and politics in Pakistan. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-577692-8. Rahman, Tariq. 2006. The role of English in Pakistan with special reference to tolerance and militancy. In Amy Tsui et al., Language, policy, culture and identity in Asian contexts. Routledge. 219–240. Rensch, Calvin R. (1992).
In China, English vocabulary had a minimal influence on local languages, with new words often being coined to replace historical English loanwords. This is due in part to the Chinese writing system , which favours words which can be broken down into meaningful components. [ 25 ]