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The Devils Hole pupfish (Cyprinodon diabolis) is a critically endangered species of the family Cyprinodontidae (pupfishes) found only in Devils Hole, a water-filled cavern in the US state of Nevada. It was first described as a species in 1930 and is most closely related to C. nevadensis and the Death Valley pupfish ( C. salinus ).
Devils Hole pupfish, Cyprinodon diabolis, from Death Valley National Park. Devils Hole is the only natural habitat of the Devils Hole pupfish, which survives despite the hot, oxygen-poor water. [19] Devils Hole "may be the smallest habitat in the world containing the entire population of a vertebrate species". [4]
Several pupfish species are extinct and most extant species are listed. In the U.S., the most well-known pupfish species may be the Devils Hole pupfish, native to Devils Hole on the Nevada side of Death Valley National Park. Since 1995 the Devils Hole pupfish has been in a nearly steady decline, where it was close to extinction at 35–68 fish ...
The Devils Hole pupfish reached a 25-year high spring count of 191 fish. For years, the fish’s population dwindled, hitting an “all-time low of 35 in 2013,” the National Park Service said in ...
A school of Death Valley pupfish, seen in Salt Creek in 2019. This species is known from only two locations in Death Valley: Salt Creek (subspecies salinus) at about 49 m (161 ft) below sea level, and Cottonball Marsh (subspecies milleri), at about 80 m (260 ft) below sea level. [1]
In May 2006, two adult male Devils Hole pupfish were moved to Shark Reef from Devils Hole, while two adult females were relocated from a refuge at Hoover Dam, in hopes of augmenting the population. [26] As of July 2020, these fish can be found in a small exhibit in the first section of the aquarium.
The Death Valley pupfish live at the lowest elevations in Death Valley, where summer temperatures can reach 130 °F (54 °C). [ 2 ] The Devil's Hole pupfish is found only in a single spring-fed limestone cavern in Ash Meadows , California, and at 23 square yards (19 m 2 ) has the smallest known range of any vertebrate species.
Some of these habitats can be rather extreme; the only natural habitat of the Devils Hole pupfish (Cyprinodon diabolis) is Devils Hole: a cavern at least 91 metres (299 ft) deep, branching out from a small opening at the surface, approximately 1.8 metres (6 ft) by 5.5 metres (18 ft) wide.