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In the 19th century, two contrasting methods of describing the flower were introduced: the textual floral formulae and pictorial floral diagrams. [2] Floral diagrams are credited to A. W. Eichler, whose extensive work Blüthendiagramme [3] [4] (1875, 1878) remains a valuable source of information on floral morphology.
Floral formulae are one of the two ways of describing flower structure developed during the 19th century, the other being floral diagrams. [2] The format of floral formulae differs according to the tastes of particular authors and periods, yet they tend to convey the same information. [1] A floral formula is often used along with a floral diagram.
Linnaeus's flower clock was a garden plan hypothesized by Carl Linnaeus that would take advantage of several plants that open or close their flowers at particular times of the day to accurately indicate the time. [1] [2] According to Linnaeus's autobiographical notes, he discovered and developed the floral clock in 1748. [3]
Floral formulae have been developed in the early 19th century and their use has declined since. Prenner et al. (2010) devised an extension of the existing model to broaden the descriptive capability of the formula. [32] The format of floral formulae differs in different parts of the world, yet they convey the same information. [33] [34] [35] [36]
There are many perfectly identifiable flowers in books like The Book of Hours [11] (two volumes) by the Master of Flowers (Maître-aux-fleurs, 15th century) or Jean Bourdichon's Grandes Heures of Anne of Brittany (between 1503 and 1508), with 337 plants from the Queen's garden, captioned in Latin and French. These artists' objective was, though ...
Plate of fuchsias by Miss Smith from Studies of Flowers from Nature, 1818–20. This plate was printed in outline to be colored by the book's owner and has been partially painted in. Studies of Flowers from Nature is a 19th-century botanical copybook notable for the high quality of its illustrations by an artist known only as "Miss Smith." [1] [2]
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At the start of the 19th century, the idea that plants could synthesize almost all their tissues from atmospheric gases had not yet emerged. The energy component of photosynthesis, the capture and storage of the Sun's radiant energy in carbon bonds (a process on which all life depends) was first elucidated in 1847 by Mayer , but the details of ...