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The fight-or-flight or the fight-flight-freeze-or-fawn [1] (also called hyperarousal or the acute stress response) is a physiological reaction that occurs in response to a perceived harmful event, attack, or threat to survival. [2] It was first described by Walter Bradford Cannon in 1915.
The activity of the sympathetic nervous system drives what is called the "fight or flight" response. [4] The fight or flight response to emergency or stress involves increased heart rate and force contraction, vasoconstriction , bronchodilation , sweating , and secretion of the epinephrine and cortisol from the adrenal medulla , among numerous ...
It plays an essential role in the fight-or-flight response by increasing blood flow to muscles, heart output by acting on the SA node, [15] pupil dilation response, and blood sugar level. [16] [17] It does this by binding to alpha and beta receptors. [17] It is found in many animals, including humans, and some single-celled organisms.
The body's response to stress is also termed a "fight or flight" response, and it is characterised by an increase in blood flow to the skeletal muscles, heart, and brain, a rise in heart rate and blood pressure, dilation of pupils, and an increase in the amount of glucose released by the liver. [8]
The Fight or Flight Response that may present with symptoms that can induce a panic attack. Panic attacks can be caused by a mix of factors. Biological factors that may lead to panic attacks include psychiatric disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), heart conditions, low blood pressure ...
The sympathoadrenal system can activate and discharge chemical messengers as a single unit to activate an organism's “fight or flight” response. This “sympathoadrenal discharge” causes an increase in heart rate, cardiac output, blood pressure, triglyceride and glucose levels.
The majority of people with vasovagal syncope have a mixed response somewhere between these two ends of the spectrum. One account for these physiological responses is the Bezold-Jarisch reflex. Vasovagal syncope may be part of an evolved response, specifically, the fight-or-flight response. [16] [17]
[10] [14] Animals can respond with physiological responses, [10] behavioural responses, psychological responses, [9] or physical responses (fight-or-flight). [2] Canon argued that there are two possible choices that an organism may choose when stress is encountered: fight responses or flight responses. [2]