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jizya - a per capita yearly tax historically levied by Islamic states on certain non-Muslim subjects—dhimmis—permanently residing in Muslim lands under Islamic law, the tax excluded the poor, women, children and the elderly. [1] [3] [4] [5] (see below) kharaj - a land tax initially imposed only on non-Muslims but soon after mandated for ...
The 1946 legislation also provided for the protection of Indonesia's Catholics and Protestants under the ministry's framework. [2] Some people hold view that Ministry of Religious Affairs is not a new creation. The lineage of the Ministry of Religious Affairs can be traced back to the Japanese colonial period (宗務部, Shūmubu, lit.
PT Perusahaan Rokok Tjap Gudang Garam Tbk (Republican spelling Indonesian for "Salt Warehouse brand Cigarette Company plc"), trading as PT Gudang Garam Tbk, is an Indonesian tobacco company, best known for its kretek (clove cigarette) products. It is Indonesia's largest tobacco manufacturer, with a market share of nearly 33%. [1]
The history of the arrival of Islam in Indonesia is somewhat unclear. [1] One theory states that Islam arrived directly from Arabia as early as the 9th century, during the time of the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates. Another theory credits Sufi travelers for bringing Islam in the 12th or 13th century, either from Gujarat in India or from Persia. [2]
It is the official religion in Malaysia and Brunei while it is one of the six recognised faiths in Indonesia. Islam in Southeast Asia is heterogeneous and is manifested in many different ways. In some places in Southeast Asia, Islam is adapted to coexist syncretically with already-existent local traditions. [17]
In 1998, Gereja Anglikan Indonesia (lit. Anglican Church of Indonesia) was founded to provide better services to native Indonesians. As of 2022, the congregation is present in Jakarta, Bandung, Surabaya, Batam, Medan, Nunukan, Pontianak, Ambon, and Tarakan. [71]
Indonesian traditional Quranic school. The spread of Islam in Indonesia was a slow, gradual and relatively peaceful process. One theory suggests it arrived directly from Arabia before the 9th century, while another credits Sufi merchants and preachers for bringing Islam to Indonesian islands in the 12th or 13th century either from Gujarat in India or directly from the Middle East. [4]
He was the first son of Surya Wonowidjojo (Tjoa Jien Hwie), founder of Gudang Garam, a major Indonesian kretek (clove cigarette) manufacturer. [ 4 ] Halim succeeded his father to become the CEO of Gudang Garam in 1984, and expanded the company into other fields, such as the Halim Indonesia Bank [ 5 ] (now, Bank ICBC Indonesia).