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Production casing is the final casing string set in a well and usually reaches from the surface to Target Depth (TD). The type of casing used depends upon the different conditions in the well. Commonly, production casing sizes range from 4 + 1 ⁄ 2 in (110 mm) to as large as 9 + 5 ⁄ 8 in (240 mm). It is the last string cemented in a well ...
It can normally vary from sizes such as 18 to 30 in (460 to 760 mm). [5] The purpose of surface casing is to isolate freshwater zones so that they are not contaminated during drilling and completion. Surface casing is the most strictly regulated due to these environmental concerns, which can include regulation of casing depth and cement quality ...
In a completed well, there may be many annuli. The 'A' annulus is the void between the production tubing and the smallest casing string. The 'A' annulus can serve a number of crucial tasks, including gas lift and well kills. A normal well will also have a 'B' and frequently a 'C' annulus, between the different casing strings.
The inside casing is 9 + 5 ⁄ 8 in (240 mm) L80 47 lb⋅ft (64 N⋅m) −1. The collapse pressure of this casing is 4750 psi. Therefore, pressure at the shoe of the 'B' annulus cannot exceed this. Given a hydrostatic head of 2116 psi, the pressure at the wellhead must not exceed 2634 psi.
Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) is a North American set of standard sizes for pipes used for high or low pressures and temperatures. [1] " Nominal" refers to pipe in non-specific terms and identifies the diameter of the hole with a non-dimensional number (for example – 2-inch nominal steel pipe" consists of many varieties of steel pipe with the only criterion being a 2.375-inch (60.3 mm) outside ...
Annular capacity (bbl/ft) = (ID hole 2 - OD pipe 2) / 1029.4. where ID hole 2 = Inside diameter of the casing or open hole in inches OD pipe 2 = Outside diameter of the pipe in inches. Similarly Annular volume (bbls) = Annular capacity (bbl/ft) × length (ft) and Feet occupied by volume of mud in annulus = Volume of mud (bbls) / Annular ...
Annular velocity is the speed of the drilling fluid's movement in a column called an annulus in oil wells. [1] It is commonly measured in feet per minute (ft/min) or meters per minute (m/min). Annular velocity is often abbreviated as AV, though this is not exclusively so, as AV also refers to apparent viscosity which is calculated from ...
Most casing heads allow for the pressure readings to be taken on the annulus and provide the means to pump out or into if necessary. The top of the casing string and annulus is usually sealed. The most common size of casing hanger is 13 + 3 ⁄ 8 in (340 mm) with over 155,000 such units installed worldwide in 2014 alone.