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[5] [6] These molecules can be composed of single-stranded DNA or RNA and are generally 13–25 nucleotides long. [6] [7] The antisense oligonucleotides can affect gene expression in two ways: by using an RNase H-dependent mechanism or by using a steric blocking mechanism.
To carry out gene expression, a cell must control the coiling and uncoiling of DNA around histones.This is accomplished with the assistance of histone acetyl transferases (HAT), which acetylate the lysine residues in core histones leading to a less compact and more transcriptionally active euchromatin, and, on the converse, the actions of histone deacetylases (HDAC), which remove the acetyl ...
Anti-metabolites also affect RNA synthesis. However, because thymidine is used in DNA but not in RNA (where uracil is used instead), inhibition of thymidine synthesis via thymidylate synthase selectively inhibits DNA synthesis over RNA synthesis. Due to their efficiency, these drugs are the most widely used cytostatics.
The structure of paclitaxel, a widely used mitotic inhibitor. A mitotic inhibitor, microtubule inhibitor, or tubulin inhibitor, is a drug that inhibits mitosis, or cell division, and is used in treating cancer, gout, and nail fungus. These drugs disrupt microtubules, which are structures that pull the chromosomes apart when
Image illustrates DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis. The first two are nucleic acids. A nucleic acid inhibitor is a type of antibacterial that acts by inhibiting the production of nucleic acids. There are two major classes: DNA inhibitors and RNA inhibitors. [1] The antifungal flucytosine acts in a similar manner.
Drug efflux is regulatory process in which toxic compounds (i.e. drugs for cancer) get removed from a cell to reduce its cytotoxic effects. [22] However, research suggests there are ways to overcome this type of drug resistance, with one being through the use of epigenetic factor inhibitors. [23]
The ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate has been shown in mice to increase gene expression of FOXO3a by histone deacetylase inhibition. [40] Histone deacetylase inhibitors may modulate the latency of some viruses, resulting in reactivation. [41] This has been shown to occur, for instance, with a latent human herpesvirus-6 infection.
In response to decreased tetrahydrofolate (THF), the cell begins to transcribe more DHF reductase, the enzyme that reduces DHF to THF. Because methotrexate is a competitive inhibitor of DHF reductase, increased concentrations of DHF reductase can overcome the drugs inhibition. Many new drugs are under development to reduce antifolate drug ...