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Referring to characteristic traditions across a wide range of lands, periods, and genres, Islamic art is a concept used first by Western art historians in the late 19th century. [2] Public Islamic art is traditionally non-representational, except for the widespread use of plant forms, usually in varieties of the spiralling arabesque.
The representation of living beings in Islamic art is not just a modern phenomenon and examples are found from the earliest periods of Islamic history. Frescos and reliefs of humans and animals adorned palaces of the Umayyad era, as on the famous Mshatta Facade now in Berlin. [11] [12] The ‘Abbasid Palaces at Samarra also contained figurative ...
Animal rennet to be used in the manufacture of cheddar cheese. Rennet (/ ˈ r ɛ n ɪ t /) is a complex set of enzymes produced in the stomachs of ruminant mammals. Chymosin, its key component, is a protease enzyme that curdles the casein in milk. In addition to chymosin, rennet contains other enzymes, such as pepsin and a lipase.
Islamic art mostly avoids figurative images to avoid becoming objects of worship. [4] [5] This aniconism in Islamic culture caused artists to explore non-figural art, and created a general aesthetic shift toward mathematically based decoration. [6]
Islamic ornament is the use of decorative forms and patterns in Islamic art and Islamic architecture. Its elements can be broadly divided into the arabesque , using curving plant-based elements, geometric patterns with straight lines or regular curves, and calligraphy , consisting of religious texts with stylized appearance, used both ...
As used in Moorish and Arabic decorative art (from which, almost exclusively, it was known in the Middle Ages), representations of living creatures were excluded; but in the arabesques of Raphael, founded on the ancient Græco-Roman work of this kind, and in those of Renaissance decoration, human and animal figures, both natural and grotesque ...
The Armenian genocide had led to the loss of the oral tradition, and, subsequently, to an incorrect "Islamic" attribution of the carpets by the majority of Western art historians. [86] The debate about Gantzhorn's hypotheses, which is at times conducted polemically and not entirely free of nationalistic constraints, is still ongoing.
Oleg Grabar (1929–2011) – Art historian and archeologist. Ruba Kana'an – Specialist in Islamic art, the urban histories of pre-modern Muslim societies, and the interface between art and law in Muslim contexts; Amy Landau – Associate Curator of Islamic Art and Manuscripts at the Walters Art Museum