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A HiRISE image of a lava tube skylight entrance on the Martian volcano Pavonis Mons.. Caves and other underground structures, including Martian lava tubes, canyon overhangs, and other Martian cavities would be potentially useful for crewed missions, for they would provide considerable shielding from both the elements and intense solar radiation to which a Mars mission would expose astronauts.
Gravity on Mars is about 38% that of Earth, [8] allowing Martian lava tubes to be much larger in comparison. [9] Lava tubes represent prime locations for direct observation of pristine bedrock where keys to the geological, paleohydrological, and possible biological history of Mars could be found.
For example, one idea is to use the locally available regolith to shield against radiation exposure, and another idea is to use transparent ice to allow non-harmful light to enter the habitat. [8] Mars habitat design can also involve the study of local conditions, including pressures, temperatures, and local materials, especially water. [8]
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Juno Radiation Vault (the box being lowered onto the partially constructed spacecraft) in the process of being installed on Juno, 2010 Juno Radiation Vault is shown attached, but with the top open and some of the electronics boxes inside the vault can be seen The cube shaped JRV can be seen in between the un-wrapped main dish and the larger hexagonal main spacecraft body.
The Mars Global Cave Candidate Catalog (MGC3) provides latitude and longitude coordinates, feature type, priority (confidence) rating, and a brief comment about each candidate. Types of cave entrances identified in the catalog include lava tube skylights, deep fractures, Atypical Pit Craters (APCs), and other void spaces in karst-similar terrains.