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Changes file security context chgrp: Changes file group ownership chown: Changes file ownership chmod: Changes the permissions of a file or directory cp: Copies a file or directory dd: Copies and converts a file df: Shows disk free space on file systems dir: Is exactly like "ls -C -b". (Files are by default listed in columns and sorted vertically.)
Ports of grep (within Cygwin and GnuWin32, for example) also run under Microsoft Windows. Some versions of Windows feature the similar qgrep or findstr command. [19] A grep command is also part of ASCII's MSX-DOS2 Tools for MSX-DOS version 2. [20] The grep, egrep, and fgrep commands have also been ported to the IBM i operating system. [21]
The possible search criteria include a pattern to match against the filename or a time range to match against the modification time or access time of the file. By default, find returns a list of all files below the current working directory, although users can limit the search to any desired maximum number of levels under the starting directory.
He later added this capability to the Unix editor ed, which eventually led to the popular search tool grep's use of regular expressions ("grep" is a word derived from the command for regular expression searching in the ed editor: g/re/p meaning "Global search for Regular Expression and Print matching lines"). [15]
for all files in use by the process, including the executing text file and the shared libraries it is using: the file descriptor number of the file, if applicable; the file's access mode; the file's lock status; the file's device numbers; the file's inode number; the file's size or offset; the name of the file system containing the file;
locate is a Unix utility which serves to find files on filesystems. It searches through a prebuilt database of files generated by the updatedb command or by a daemon and compressed using incremental encoding. It operates significantly faster than find, but requires regular updating of the database.
The command ls -l is executed as a process, the output (stdout) of which is piped to the input (stdin) of the process for grep key; and likewise for the process for less. Each process takes input from the previous process and produces output for the next process via standard streams .
PDFtk (short for PDF Toolkit) is a toolkit for manipulating Portable Document Format (PDF) documents. [3] [4] It runs on Linux, Windows and macOS. [5] It comes in three versions: PDFtk Server (open-source command-line tool), PDFtk Free and PDFtk Pro (proprietary paid). [2] It is able to concatenate, shuffle, split and rotate PDF files.