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At some point, short /u/ developed into a lax, near-close near-back rounded vowel, /ʊ/, as found in words like put. (Similarly, short /i/ has become /ɪ/.) According to Roger Lass, the laxing occurred in the 17th century, but other linguists have suggested that it may have taken place much earlier. [1]
In English, the letter u has four main pronunciations. There are "long" and "short" pronunciations. Short u , found originally in closed syllables, most commonly represents /ʌ/ (as in 'duck'), though it retains its old pronunciation /ʊ/ after labial consonants in some words (as in 'put') and occasionally elsewhere (as in 'sugar').
This page was last edited on 30 October 2019, at 15:24 (UTC).; Text is available under the
The close back rounded vowel, or high back rounded vowel, [1] is a type of vowel sound used in many spoken languages.The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is u , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is u.
The near-close back protruded vowel is typically transcribed in IPA simply as ʊ , and that is the convention used in this article. As there is no dedicated diacritic for protrusion in the IPA, symbol for the near-close back rounded vowel with an old diacritic for labialization, ̫ , can be used as an ad hoc symbol ʊ̫ for the near-close back protruded vowel.
The Great Vowel Shift was a series of chain shifts that affected historical long vowels but left short vowels largely alone. It is one of the primary causes of the idiosyncrasies in English spelling. The shortening of ante-penultimate syllables in Middle English created many long–short pairs. The result can be seen in such words as,
/u/ normally became /o/ in a final syllable except when absolutely word-final. [16] In medial syllables, short /æ, a, e/ are deleted; [17] short /i, u/ are deleted following a long syllable but usually remain following a short syllable (except in some present-tense verb forms), merging to /e/ in the process; and long vowels are shortened.
This chart provides audio examples for phonetic vowel symbols. The symbols shown include those in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) and added material. The chart is based on the official IPA vowel chart.