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Sigmund Freud posited that defence mechanisms work by distorting id impulses into acceptable forms, or by unconscious or conscious blockage of these impulses. [7] Anna Freud considered defense mechanisms as intellectual and motor automatisms of various degrees of complexity, that arose in the process of involuntary and voluntary learning.
Inoculation is a theory that explains how attitudes and beliefs can be made more resistant to future challenges. For an inoculation message to be successful, the recipient experiences threat (a recognition that a held attitude or belief is vulnerable to change) and is exposed to and/or engages in refutational processes (preemptive refutation, that is, defenses against potential counterarguments).
Phebe K. Cramer (December 30, 1935 – April 2, 2021) was an American clinical psychologist who was Professor of Psychology, Emerita at Williams College. [1] She was known for her research on defense mechanisms, body image, and narcissism, and for her creation of a manual for coding defense mechanisms for purposes of psychological testing and personality assessment.
Defensive communication leads to the degrading of discourse in a group. Defensive communication is a communicative behavior that occurs within relationships, work environments, and social groups [1] [2] when an individual reacts in a defensive manner in response to a self-perceived flaw or a threat from outsiders.
Intellectual honesty has been described as part of integrity in scientific research and includes: ensuring precision in depicting one's contributions to research proposals and reports upholding impartiality in the process of peer review; fostering a collaborative and supportive atmosphere in scientific interactions, encompassing communication ...
The defensive attribution hypothesis (or bias, theory, or simply defensive attribution) is a social psychological term where an observer attributes the causes for a mishap to minimize their fear of being a victim or a cause in a similar situation.
That was the conclusion of Gray’s clinical research trial in which adaptive disclosure therapy was used with 44 active-duty combat Marines with PTSD and moral injury. In six 90-minute sessions, Gray found that the Marines experienced “substantive” improvement in their symptoms.
Research has been done to see what kinds of people tend to benefit most from online self-disclosure. The "social compensation" or "poor-get-richer" hypothesis (Sheldon, 2009) [ incomplete short citation ] suggests that those who have poor social networks and social anxiety can benefit by disclosing themselves freely and creating new ...