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  2. Density of states - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density_of_states

    The density of states plays an important role in the kinetic theory of solids. The product of the density of states and the probability distribution function is the number of occupied states per unit volume at a given energy for a system in thermal equilibrium. This value is widely used to investigate various physical properties of matter.

  3. Probability density function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_density_function

    This density function is defined as a function of the n variables, such that, for any domain D in the n -dimensional space of the values of the variables X1, ..., Xn, the probability that a realisation of the set variables falls inside the domain D is. If F(x1, ..., xn) = Pr (X1 ≤ x1, ..., Xn ≤ xn) is the cumulative distribution function of ...

  4. Conditional probability distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_probability...

    Conditional probability distribution. In probability theory and statistics, the conditional probability distribution is a probability distribution that describes the probability of an outcome given the occurrence of a particular event. Given two jointly distributed random variables and , the conditional probability distribution of given is the ...

  5. Buffon's needle problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffon's_needle_problem

    Buffon's needle was the earliest problem in geometric probability to be solved; [2] it can be solved using integral geometry. The solution for the sought probability p, in the case where the needle length l is not greater than the width t of the strips, is. This can be used to design a Monte Carlo method for approximating the number π ...

  6. File:Dirichlet.pdf - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dirichlet.pdf

    Description. Dirichlet.pdf. English: These plots show four probability density functions (PDFs) from the Dirichlet distribution over the 2-simplex where the concentration parameters α are varied. The values of α are set to (1.5, 1.5, 1.5), (5, 5, 5), (1, 2, 2), and (2, 4, 8). The values of the PDF are shown by the color maps with contour ...

  7. Microstate (statistical mechanics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microstate_(statistical...

    In statistical mechanics, a microstate is a specific configuration of a system that describes the precise positions and momenta of all the individual particles or components that make up the system. Each microstate has a certain probability of occurring during the course of the system's thermal fluctuations.

  8. Generalized Pareto distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_Pareto...

    Generalized Pareto distribution. In statistics, the generalized Pareto distribution (GPD) is a family of continuous probability distributions. It is often used to model the tails of another distribution. It is specified by three parameters: location , scale , and shape . [2][3] Sometimes it is specified by only scale and shape [4] and sometimes ...

  9. Convolution of probability distributions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolution_of_probability...

    The probability distribution of the sum of two or more independent random variables is the convolution of their individual distributions. The term is motivated by the fact that the probability mass function or probability density function of a sum of independent random variables is the convolution of their corresponding probability mass functions or probability density functions respectively.