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  2. Density of states - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density_of_states

    The density of states plays an important role in the kinetic theory of solids. The product of the density of states and the probability distribution function is the number of occupied states per unit volume at a given energy for a system in thermal equilibrium. This value is widely used to investigate various physical properties of matter.

  3. Probability density function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_density_function

    Geometric visualisation of the mode, median and mean of an arbitrary unimodal probability density function. [1] In probability theory, a probability density function (PDF), density function, or density of an absolutely continuous random variable, is a function whose value at any given sample (or point) in the sample space (the set of possible ...

  4. Conditional probability distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_probability...

    If the conditional distribution of given is a continuous distribution, then its probability density function is known as the conditional density function. [1] The properties of a conditional distribution, such as the moments , are often referred to by corresponding names such as the conditional mean and conditional variance .

  5. Marginal distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marginal_distribution

    Marginal distribution. In probability theory and statistics, the marginal distribution of a subset of a collection of random variables is the probability distribution of the variables contained in the subset. It gives the probabilities of various values of the variables in the subset without reference to the values of the other variables.

  6. Buffon's needle problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffon's_needle_problem

    Buffon's needle was the earliest problem in geometric probability to be solved; [2] it can be solved using integral geometry. The solution for the sought probability p, in the case where the needle length l is not greater than the width t of the strips, is. This can be used to design a Monte Carlo method for approximating the number π ...

  7. Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell–Boltzmann...

    Maxwell–Boltzmann. In physics (in particular in statistical mechanics), the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution, or Maxwell (ian) distribution, is a particular probability distribution named after James Clerk Maxwell and Ludwig Boltzmann. It was first defined and used for describing particle speeds in idealized gases, where the particles move ...