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A cantilever is a rigid structural element that extends horizontally and is unsupported at one end. Typically it extends from a flat vertical surface such as a wall, to which it must be firmly attached. Like other structural elements, a cantilever can be formed as a beam, plate, truss, or slab.
A basement wall is thus one kind of retaining wall; however, the term usually refers to a cantilever retaining wall, which is a freestanding structure without lateral support at its top. [2] These are cantilevered from a footing and rise above the grade on one side to retain a higher level grade on the opposite side.
Full height abutment, cantilever abutment that extends from the underpass grade line to the grade line of the overpass roadway; Stub abutment, short abutments at the top of an embankment or slope, usually supported on piles; Semi-stub abutment, size between full height and stub abutment; Counterfort abutment, similar to counterfort retaining walls
The wall face is often of precast, segmental blocks, panels or geocells that can tolerate some differential movement. The walls are infilled with granular soil, with or without reinforcement, while retaining the backfill soil. Reinforced walls utilize horizontal layers typically of geogrids. The reinforced soil mass, along with the facing ...
Typically in the form of a horizontal wire or rod, or a helical anchor, a tieback is commonly used along with other retaining systems (e.g. soldier piles, sheet piles, secant and tangent walls) to provide additional stability to cantilevered retaining walls. [1]
Wing walls can be classified according to their position in plan with respect to banks and abutments. The classification is as follows: Straight wing walls: used for small bridges, on drains with low banks and for railway bridges in cities (weep holes are provided). Splayed wing walls: used for bridges across rivers. They provide smooth entry ...
The theory that governs the design of plate girders for buildings proposed by Basler in 1960, [6] [7] should not be used in the design of SPW structures since the relatively high bending strength and stiffness of the beams and columns are expected to have a significant effect on the post-buckling behaviour. However, Basler's theory could be ...
Schematic cross section of a pressurized caisson. In geotechnical engineering, a caisson (/ ˈ k eɪ s ən,-s ɒ n /; borrowed from French caisson 'box', from Italian cassone 'large box', an augmentative of cassa) is a watertight retaining structure [1] used, for example, to work on the foundations of a bridge pier, for the construction of a concrete dam, [2] or for the repair of ships.