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Howard Becker, a labeling theorist, identified four different types of deviant behavior labels which are given as: [citation needed] "Falsely accusing" an individual - others perceive the individual to be obtaining obedient or deviant behaviors. "Pure deviance", others perceive the individual as participating in deviant and rule-breaking behavior.
Howard Saul Becker (April 18, 1928 – August 16, 2023) was an American sociologist who taught at Northwestern University.Becker made contributions to the sociology of deviance, sociology of art, and sociology of music. [2]
The social construction of deviant behavior plays an important role in the labeling process that occurs in society. This process involves not only the labeling of criminally deviant behavior, which is behavior that does not fit socially constructed norms, but also labeling that which reflects stereotyped or stigmatized behavior of the "mentally ...
The term moral entrepreneur was coined by sociologist Howard S. Becker in Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance (1963) in order to help explore the relationship between law and morality, as well as to explain how deviant social categories become defined and entrenched. [1]
Becker maintains that the act is labeled as deviant, not the individual. [2] When labels are tied to the individual, labeling theory claims that labels develop codes of morality that spur negative stereotypes and stigma. [8] This theory presents labels and their social context as holding power and influence over lives, behavior, and ...
[1]: 203 It also states that a society's reaction to specific behaviors are a major determinant of how a person may come to adopt a "deviant" label. [1]: 204 This theory stresses the relativity of deviance, the idea that people may define the same behavior in any number of ways. Thus the labelling theory is a micro-level analysis and is often ...
Labeling (The act of..) and Labeling theory are two entirely different discussions and in my opinion should not be merged. Also, no mention of Frank Tannenbaum (1938) and the "Dramatization of Evil" or the major works by Howard Becker (1963) which looked at the social control mechanisms? What about primary deviance vs. secondary deviance?
Primary deviance is the initial stage in defining deviant behavior. Prominent sociologist Edwin Lemert [ 1 ] conceptualized primary deviance as engaging in the initial act of deviance. This is very common throughout society, as everyone takes part in basic form violations. [ 2 ]