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Heart sounds of a ventricular septal defect in a 14-year-old girl. A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a defect in the ventricular septum, the wall dividing the left and right ventricles of the heart. The extent of the opening may vary from pin size to complete absence of the ventricular septum, creating one common ventricle.
A variety of different classifications have been used, but the defects are usefully divided into "partial" and "complete" forms. In the partial AVSD, there is a small or partial defect in the interventricular septum, and a primum atrial septal defect , which is a moderate or large connection between the atria, often featuring mitral valve ...
The mildest variant of pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect involves pulmonary atresia with normally developed main pulmonary artery and branch pulmonary arteries, the blood that flows to the lungs from the right side of the heart goes to the left side of the heart through the ventricular septum which then flows through the patent ...
Eisenmenger syndrome or Eisenmenger's syndrome is defined as the process in which a long-standing left-to-right cardiac shunt caused by a congenital heart defect (typically by a ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect, or less commonly, patent ductus arteriosus) causes pulmonary hypertension [1] [2] and eventual reversal of the shunt into a cyanotic right-to-left shunt.
Ventricular septal defect (VSD) Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome (WPW) Some conditions affect the great vessels or other vessels in close proximity to the heart, but not the heart itself, but are often classified as congenital heart defects. [citation needed] Coarctation of the aorta (CoA)
Similarly, in systemic hypertension, the left ventricle must work harder to overcome the higher pressures of the vascular system and responds by thickening to deal with increased wall stress. [4] Concentric hypertrophy is characterized by an addition of sarcomeres (the contractile units of cardiac cells) in parallel. The result is an increase ...
A report from the U.S. surgeon general suggested that labels on alcoholic drinks should warn about cancer risk. Doctors expressed their agreement. For people wondering about the long-term damage ...
In addition, hypertension precedes heart failure in 90% of cases, [7] and the majority of heart failure in the elderly may be attributable to hypertension. [17] Hypertensive heart disease was estimated to be responsible for 1.0 million deaths worldwide in 2004 (or approximately 1.7% of all deaths globally), and was ranked 13th in the leading ...