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Pioneer 11 (also known as Pioneer G) is a NASA robotic space probe launched on April 5, 1973, to study the asteroid belt, the environment around Jupiter and Saturn, the solar wind, and cosmic rays. [2] It was the first probe to encounter Saturn, the second to fly through the asteroid belt, and the second to fly by Jupiter.
These three stations are located at separations of approximately 120° longitude so that as the Earth rotates a spacecraft will always be in sight of at least one station. [6] The complex includes the Pioneer Deep Space Station (aka DSS 11), which is a U.S. National Historic Landmark.
The Pioneer program's eight successful space missions from 1965 to 1978 were managed by Charles Hall at Ames, initially aimed at the inner Solar System. [4] By 1972, it supported the bold flyby missions to Jupiter and Saturn with Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11. [5]
The Pioneer plaques are a pair of gold-anodized aluminum plaques that were placed on board the 1972 Pioneer 10 and 1973 Pioneer 11 spacecraft, featuring a pictorial message, in case either Pioneer 10 or 11 is intercepted by intelligent extraterrestrial life. The plaques show the nude figures of a human male and female along with several symbols ...
[10] JPL diagrams [11] state that at an altitude of 30,000 km (19,000 mi), a spacecraft is always in the field of view of one of the tracking stations. The International Telecommunication Union , which sets aside various frequency bands for deep space and near Earth use , defines "deep space" to start at a distance of 2 million km (1.2 million ...
Space Park is an aerospace engineering campus occupying over 100 acres in Redondo Beach, California, since 1961, expanding in 1968 to a nearly adjacent 90 acres in Manhattan Beach [3] (15 of which were developed as public sports facilities between 1987 and 2001; [4] 22 of which were sold in 1996 and became the MBS Media Campus [5]).
The Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) is a major NASA space research laboratory located approximately 6.5 miles (10.5 km) northeast of Washington, D.C., in Greenbelt, Maryland, United States. Established on May 1, 1959, as NASA's first space flight center, GSFC employs about 10,000 civil servants and contractors.
The Executive Office and NASA made advance notifications of the award, and the public announcement of the location followed on September 19, 1961. [9] According to Texas A&M University historian Henry C. Dethloff , "Although the Houston site neatly fit the criteria required for the new center, Texas undoubtedly exerted an enormous political ...