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Edema (American English), also spelled oedema (British English), and also known as fluid retention, dropsy and hydropsy, is the build-up of fluid in the body's tissue, [1] a type of swelling. [4]
The condition is commonly associated with vascular and cardiac changes associated with aging but can be caused by many other conditions, including congestive heart failure, kidney failure, liver cirrhosis, portal hypertension, trauma, alcoholism, altitude sickness, pregnancy, hypertension, sickle cell anemia, a compromised lymphatic system or merely long periods of time sitting or standing ...
Diagnosis is generally based on signs and symptoms, with testing used to rule out other potential causes. [2] An accurate diagnosis and staging may help with management. [2] A swollen limb can result from different conditions that require different treatments. Diagnosis of lymphedema is currently based on history, physical exam, and limb ...
The pathophysiology is not yet well understood. Leukocytoclastic vasculitis is proposed to be the underlying cause resulting in reactive lymphedema. [2] Prolonged standing with full knee extension and minimal movement for a prolonged period of time is postulated to induce a temporary failure in pumping the venous and lymphatic systems in the calf region leading to acute gravity-dependent ...
The symptoms of TACO can include shortness of breath , low blood oxygen levels , leg swelling (peripheral edema), high blood pressure (hypertension), and a high heart rate (tachycardia). [ 3 ] It can occur due to a rapid transfusion of a large volume of blood but can also occur during a single red blood cell transfusion (about 15% of cases). [ 2 ]
The most common presentation of Milroy's disease is unilateral lower extremity lymphedema, and may also be accompanied by hydrocele.Males and females may have upslanting toenails, deep creases in the toes, wart-like growths (papillomas), and prominent leg veins.
Calf swelling ≥ 3 cm compared to asymptomatic calf (measured 10 cm below tibial tuberosity) +1 point +2 points Swollen unilateral superficial veins (non-varicose, in symptomatic leg) +1 point +1 point Unilateral pitting edema (in symptomatic leg) +1 point — Previous documented DVT +1 point — Swelling of entire leg +1 point —
Because of its similarities to deep vein thrombosis (DVT), May–Thurner syndrome is rarely diagnosed amongst the general population. In this condition, the right iliac artery sequesters and compresses the left common iliac vein against the lumbar section of the spine, [5] resulting in swelling of the legs and ankles, pain, tingling, and/or numbness in the legs and feet. [6]