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Graph coloring enjoys many practical applications as well as theoretical challenges. Beside the classical types of problems, different limitations can also be set on the graph, or on the way a color is assigned, or even on the color itself. It has even reached popularity with the general public in the form of the popular number puzzle Sudoku ...
For a graph G, let χ(G) denote the chromatic number and Δ(G) the maximum degree of G.The list coloring number ch(G) satisfies the following properties.. ch(G) ≥ χ(G).A k-list-colorable graph must in particular have a list coloring when every vertex is assigned the same list of k colors, which corresponds to a usual k-coloring.
The graph coloring game is a mathematical game related to graph theory. Coloring game problems arose as game-theoretic versions of well-known graph coloring problems. In a coloring game, two players use a given set of colors to construct a coloring of a graph, following specific rules depending on the game we consider. One player tries to ...
In graph theory, a proper edge coloring of a graph is an assignment of "colors" to the edges of the graph so that no two incident edges have the same color. For example, the figure to the right shows an edge coloring of a graph by the colors red, blue, and green. Edge colorings are one of several different types of graph coloring.
In the study of graph coloring problems in mathematics and computer science, a greedy coloring or sequential coloring [1] is a coloring of the vertices of a graph formed by a greedy algorithm that considers the vertices of the graph in sequence and assigns each vertex its first available color. Greedy colorings can be found in linear time, but ...
Rainbow coloring of a wheel graph, with three colors.Every two non-adjacent vertices can be connected by a rainbow path, either directly through the center vertex (bottom left) or by detouring around one triangle to avoid a repeated edge color (bottom right).
Therefore, biplanar graphs require at most 12 colors. [2] Sulanke's nine-color Earth–Moon map (left and right), with adjacencies described by the join of a 6-vertex complete graph and 5-vertex cycle graph (center) An example of a biplanar graph requiring 9 colors can be constructed as the join of a 6-vertex complete graph and a 5-vertex cycle ...
The path graph with four vertices provides the simplest example of a graph whose chromatic number differs from its Grundy number. This graph can be colored with two colors, but its Grundy number is three: if the two endpoints of the path are colored first, the greedy coloring algorithm will use three colors for the whole graph.